Primal Fat Burner by Nora Gedgaudas

REVIEW

FAT BURNER PRIMAL is praised

“This book relates the amazing tale of how consuming animal foods, especially their natural fats, contributed to the evolution of our very humanity—our robust bodies and great minds. The body of scientific evidence demonstrating the safety and even advantages of dietary fat, especially saturated fat, has risen significantly in recent years. Gedgaudas demonstrates a command of that science in this thorough and comprehensive book—and then he goes one step further. She explains how to put these concepts into effect by drawing on her extensive personal and clinical experience with patients. In doing so, she bridges the knowledge gap between research and practical advice for everyday nutrition. The Big Fat Surprise author Nina Teicholz describes this as a singular and significant addition to the discipline.

“Are you prepared to live a long, lusty, smart, and healthy life? When that happens, let Nora Gedgaudas teach you about the “fats of life,” says Kaayla T. Daniel, PhD, coauthor of Nourishing Broth.

Gedgaudas puts out a strategy for implementing a ketogenic diet for increased health and wellness with “able, witty language; hundreds of recipes; digressive but engaging boxed sections inside chapters; and a warning to readers to seek final counsel from their doctors.”

Nora Gedgaudas presents a novel argument for the primary significance of fat and lays out an eating strategy that will significantly enhance health. The Wahls Protocol: A Radical New Way to Treat All Chronic Autoimmune Conditions Using Paleo Principles, written by Terry Wahls, M.D., is a key resource for combating the rising pandemic of autoimmune illness.

“This is the single most significant health intervention we can do as physicians… And as nations,” says Timothy Noakes, M.D., emeritus professor at the University of Cape Town in South Africa’s Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine.

“Nora Gedgaudas offers solid evidence on the advantages of eating fat for health from an evolutionary standpoint. She does a great job dispelling the idea that low-fat, high-carb diets are good and high-fat, low-carb diets are ill. For people looking to go from dangerous high-carbohydrate diets to healthy fat-based diets, she offers helpful information. Author: Thomas N. Seyfried, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Boston College

“Gedgaudas skillfully explains how what we consume affects who we become. We are omnivores with well-developed bodies and exceptional minds that could not have evolved without a diet high in fat, particularly saturated fat, thanks to millions of years of human development! If you read this book, you’ll comprehend the importance of much-maligned animal fat for your health and why it’s crucial that it originate from animals that are grazing on nutritious soil (and not confined to feedlots). I cannot express how much I like this book, written by Allan Savory of The Savory Institute.

In addition to addressing the plight of humanity, the wrong turn we have all taken, the pernicious influence of multinational corporations, and, most importantly, how we may reclaim our power and embrace a really healthy, sustainable future, this unusual book also presents a much-needed large picture. Nora argues that we should concentrate on what unites us all: a requirement for a food economy that restores regional, natural systems, as well as a shared biological design. By doing so, we might reclaim what was once ours and ultimately belongs to us as primordial beings, writes Helena Norberg-Hodge, author of Ancient Futures.

“Primal Fat Burner includes a lot of fresh data and scientific evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of a ketogenic diet in treating a wide range of medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, neurological disorders, and cancer. As she guides you on a profoundly transformative, simple-to-implement path to take charge of your health by placing fat front and center, Nora writes with passion, energy, and a warm sense of humor! Vicki Poulter, Director of Nourishing Australia and International Advisory Board of the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, is the author of this book, which should be widely read.

“Gedgaudas is about a decade more knowledgeable about nutrition than 99% of American doctors, who learn essentially nothing about a healthy diet in medical school. Even though it seems counterintuitive, eating more fat can help you lose weight. Sugar is the true nutritional devil (a reality that the sugar business has worked hard to keep from us!). In fact, the low carb, high fat Primal Fat Burner diet guards against obesity and heart disease. Primal Fat Burner is set to be a genuine game changer when it comes to getting overweight and chronically ill Americans well once more. Author: David Edelberg, MD, author of The Triple Whammy Cure
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WHO THE AUTHOR IS

Nora Gedgaudas has over twenty years of clinical expertise and is a board-certified clinical neurofeedback specialist and nutritional consultant. She is a well-known speaker, educator, and the author of the best-selling books Primal Body, Primal Mind and Rethinking Fatigue. She is regarded as an expert in ketogenic, ancestrally based diet and is also an internationally renowned expert. Bestseller author and journalist Nina Teicholz praised her most recent book, Primal Fat Burner: Live Longer, Slow Aging, Super-Power Your Brain, and Save Your Life With A High Fat, Low-Carb Paleo Diet, calling it “a unique and profound contribution to the field.” Her new weekly educational program Primal Power 52 is a special and priceless source of knowledge beneficial to those interested in true self-empowerment, expanding their nutritional knowledge, and optimizing their bodies. Facebook.com/PrimalNora and @NoraGedgaudas are good places to find out more.
EXCERPT. WITH PERMISSION REPRINTED; ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prehistoric Fat Burner
INTRODUCTION

I discussed how the primal lifestyle may result in the best health and longevity in my first book, Primal Body, Primal Mind. More individuals than I could have ever anticipated have read the book in the seven years since its first release. Many of them have also put its advice into practice, and they’ve written to me to report that doing so has considerably improved their health and general well-being. I received several requests to compile a more structured eating regimen along with extra information, recipes, and resources for primal eating. That is what Primal Fat Burner achieves. Nevertheless, the book you’re going to read isn’t particularly about losing weight.

Fat, particularly saturated fat, is not nearly as harmful as we once believed. Eating fat can help you lose weight. The most recent nutritional research is combined with the best eating habits of our ancestors in Primal Fat Burner. Knowing this, you may employ high-quality dietary fat and the wealth of essential nutrients it contains to promote overall health and wellbeing.

I’m not just here to tell you that “fat isn’t as bad as you might have heard,” or that “fats are okay, just as long as you keep them to a minimum,” or that “fats are okay, just as long as you stick to strictly unsaturated fats,” I’m here to provide you with a mountain of compelling evidence that fats from animals that eat a natural diet not only are essential to your health but have literally served as more than any other dietary adaptation to make

Based on the most recent scientific findings, I explain in Primal Fat Burner why eating foods high in dietary fat is the best and most natural nutritional strategy for your overall health and wellbeing. This is done while avoiding the consumption of sugars and starches and limiting your protein intake. This book (in part) places emphasis on a low-carbohydrate dietary strategy. The strategy involves much more, but you will discover that the less utilizable carbohydrates you eat and the less insulin your body needs to create, the better your long-term health is likely to be.

The primitive fat-burning diet, a variation of what is typically known as a ketogenic diet, is the single most important aspect in your health and longevity, and it is the emphasis of Primal Fat Burner. This manner of eating is vastly different from the way we currently eat, but it is also, in many respects, the oldest way of eating ever used by humans. Through virtually all of our three million years of evolution, humans and our hominid predecessors have survived on a fat-based ketogenic diet. It is an essential tool that may help people lose weight, build resilience, and reverse many chronic diseases that are prevalent today.

I offer consultations and lectures to health-conscious people all over the world as a professional nutritionist and authority on ancestral nutrition. I’ve watched customers and audience members react to the term “ketogenic” many times with equal parts curiosity, apprehension, and confusion: “Isn’t that Atkins? Starvation? a medical procedure? For the most ardent health nuts? A well-balanced ketogenic eating plan is none of those things, I can guarantee you, having committed my life to researching the evolution of our metabolic functioning. It is also not particularly contentious. Surprisingly, the fat-burning ketogenic diet is our standard diet and is as essential to our evolutionary plan as breathing. Simply said, it means relying mostly on the energy provided by fats in whole meals, as nature intended. When something is explained, what was once puzzling begins to make sense.

I’ve used a primal fat-burning strategy for almost fifteen years, during which time I’ve also worked with and advised a very diversified clientele. On one end of the scale are those who have severe weight problems or debilitating diseases like type 2 diabetes or dementia with early onset. They frequently find that the agony of the problems outweighs the pain of the remedies that orthodox medicine and nutrition have to offer, so they turn to primal fat burning to take matters into their own hands. Women and men who are reaching middle age or even advanced age and appear healthy but have been found to have underlying, unhealthy, raised blood sugar levels as well as other unsettling blood test signs fall in the center of the range. Even if they still fit into their clothes, they have been eating silently harming their physiology by adhering to supposedly healthy, carb-friendly eating patterns.

On the other end of the spectrum are different types of people: those who consciously follow what they “consider” to be a “paleo” diet (yes, I said “consider to be”; more on that later); those who have slowly strayed from their low-carbohydrate goals and require assistance (or a swift kick in the pants); and elite or endurance athletes who are utilizing the principles of primal eating.

It’s likely that you fall somewhere on this arc if you choose to read this book because you’re interested in becoming a primitive fat burner. You may have long struggled with ineffective diets or given up hope of ever developing a slim body. You could, like me, have experienced despair, worry, or poor energy in a very intimate way. Or perhaps you are seeing members of your family struggle with diseases that you are aware are inherited, and you want to do all in your power to protect yourself from contracting them. All women and men want to feel better, live longer, look younger, have a clearer mind, and most definitely have a leaner, more durable physique that they can proudly wear. Whether they are young, middle-aged, or elderly, they want to enjoy every day of their life, and they reject what is presented to us as the “inevitable” modern-day aging scenario of prescription pills in their medicine cabinet. They reject contracting any of the ‘diseases of civilization’, including diabetes, depression, dementia, brain deterioration, heart disease, and cancer. They claim that if this is “civilized,” they would rather be apes!
IN LOVE WITH FAT

In recent years, the health community has grown obsessed with fat. In multiple peer-reviewed research, experts have cleared fat of any health offenses. A ferocious anti-fat campaign that lasted fifty years demonized fat, pushing it off its proper spot on our plates to make room for excessive amounts of carbs.

Although I’m happy that fat has finally found some salvation, it has received this atonement with a little of reluctance and caution. When it comes to dietary sources of plant-based fat, the majority of experts are welcoming. Additionally, they get along well with fish. They recommend tiny small drizzles and splashes of this and that, along with, if you’d like, a quarter of an avocado.

Please pass the fat to me. To the rhythm of a much louder drum and with the purpose of forging a bolder path, I created Primal Fat Burner. This book is founded on the core scientific insight that all fats, particularly those derived from wholesome animal sources and unprocessed tropical oils, are essential for the proper operation of our physiology and the maintenance of our strong health. We must totally reclaim these traditionally reviled fats as essential to our health. Fats derived from animals offer lasting energy and essential fat-soluble elements. We wouldn’t be the people we are today if it weren’t for them.

I’ll take you on a voyage of discovery in Primal Fat Burner. I’ll demonstrate how the capacity of humans to “run on fat” dictated how our extraordinary bodily and mental development arose and why the current change to “running on carbohydrates” has been one of the most heinous mistakes in human history. I’ll explain how the natural fats included in wholesome, whole meals, especially those derived from animals fed a diet of grasses and other forms of forage, are compatible with your genetic make-up, support healthy weight maintenance, and prevent hazardous deterioration of your wellbeing. And I’ll show why an ideal eating strategy—with a few modest adjustments in each person’s implementation—is applicable to everyone when naturally fat-rich foods are employed properly.

Then I continue with you. I’ll offer you the resources you need to develop into your own slim, energetic fat burner.

I explain all you need to know about how a fat-burning metabolic state works and why it is your natural condition in Parts One, Two, and Three. You’ll learn that your body’s cells, particularly those in your heart and brain, thrive on fat. You’ll also discover that not all calories are the same. I describe how switching from glucose—the energy from carbs in the form of starches and sugars—to ketones—the energy units of fat—gives you a life-altering (and maybe lifesaving) metabolic edge. This benefit may be quantified on your blood test panels and influences not just your overall quality of life.

The main purpose of Primal Fat Burner is to teach you how to use a high-quality, well-balanced ketogenic diet to jump-start your fat-burning metabolism. To put it another way, think of metabolism as the process of turning food into fuel. The effects may be astounding when you activate your fat-burning metabolism and let it run constantly by following this eating pattern every day. Even if you are very overweight, you may establish the circumstances for achieving a healthy and stable weight. That’s because once your body becomes used to using free fatty acids and ketones as its main sources of energy, it stops depositing fat in your belly, love handles, hips, and thighs and begins utilising your fat stores as fuel. Additionally, your brain functions better and sharper, which has a long-lasting benefit. It is possible to correct insulin and blood sugar imbalances as well as inflammation, which has the impact of stabilizing, lowering, or even curing chronic pain and sickness.

BY TURNING ON A WELL-ADAPTED, FAT-BURNING STATE, YOU SET THE STAGE FOR

• Simpler weight reduction, little hunger and cravings, and enduring energy

• Lessening of blood sugar problems, hemoglobin A1C levels, and other metabolic indicators linked to metabolic disorders including diabetes and obesity

• The ability to reduce inflammation and excessive free radical activity (which causes harmful tissue damage and is a driver of disease and aging)

• Improved cellular regeneration and repair processes and healthier, younger-looking skin as anti-aging benefits

• Better sleep

• Enhanced immunological response

• Blood pressure is lower

• Stabilized neurological functioning in the brain, which makes you less prone to migraines, panic attacks, mood swings, and seizures, and minimizes your chance of neurodegenerative disorders . . . even more

And you can receive all of these advantages by changing your diet in a simple but consistent way by consuming a modest amount of protein from wholesome, sustainable, and nutrient-dense sources, a lot of fiber vegetables and greens, and as much fat as you require to quell your hunger. By the conclusion of Part One, you’ll have gained a liberating realization: by eating certain genuine, complete foods and avoiding others, you can choose whether you’re a fat burner or a sugar burner. As a result, you become responsible for your own health and lifespan.

In Part 4, I provide you the instructions you need to make the metabolic transition on your own. I’ve provided you with a step-by-step 21-day strategy that makes it easy to follow and attainable. It provides advice on how to prepare, cook with, and store a variety of healthy fats as well as sixty straightforward recipes for breakfast, lunch, supper, and snacks. It also offers balanced weekly meal plans. It also outlines how to prepare physically for the transition phase and how to avoid typical problems.

For the majority of people, it takes three to six weeks to transition to an efficient and well-adapted fat-burning metabolism. Once activated, this metabolic state that burns fat quickly establishes itself as the new normal. I’ll also go through exactly what to do if you start to feel tired or uncomfortable during this transition period.

You are in a state of effective ketogenic adaption when you are successfully burning fat for energy (EKA). In this book, we’ll adopt an original strategy that combines an EKA state with superior nutrition obtained from high-quality food sources and protection against stress and toxins. This burns fat in a primitive way.

These are the outcomes of primitive fat burning:

Energizing. You gain from long-lasting energy that enables you to transition smoothly between meals without snacking or cravings.

Protective. Your mitochondria—the biological powerhouses that, among other crucial roles, provide energy and prevent aging—are safeguarded. Your heart and brain remain healthy, and their performance and functionality are considerably improved.

Regulating. The circumstances are created for your blood sugar and insulin levels to normalize and work more effectively, as nature intended.2 Excess weight that has resisted diets can be controlled when imprisoned fat reserves become activated for energy.3

Stabilizing. When the brain is supplied with fat, brain function and emotions regulate and stabilize.4 Emotional difficulties related to food, such as cravings and even some eating disorders, can diminish or disappear.

Anti-aging. Thyroid function is improved, and overall disease risks linked to inflammatory indicators, cholesterol (which tends to rise with inflammation), and other factors are naturally decreased5.

absolutely secure. With a few potential exceptions, which I will go into great length about, virtually everyone may safely follow a fat-based ketogenic diet based on the Primal Fat Burner Plan. It can also be adjusted with a doctor’s advice for certain requirements, such as those associated with high-intensity athletics, pregnancy or nursing, type 1 diabetes, higher growth rates in children and teenagers, or pregnancy or nursing.

The cuisine on the Primal Fat Burner Plan is extensive and filling. You’ll consume grass-fed, fatty meat and wild-caught seafood in addition to greens, other fiber vegetables, sprouts, nuts, a few seeds, fermented foods high in probiotics, and homemade bone broth. You’ll see that the strategy outlined in this book is furthermore

Achievable. It’s surprisingly simple to do and easy to understand.

efficient and enjoyable. The delectable, filling cuisine is simple to prepare for you and your family.

Familiar. It’s a return to healthy, age-old dishes that you might already be familiar with and adore.

Affordable. You’ll eat less packaged, ready-to-eat meals and snacks. You’ll sensibly choose high-quality products, such as affordable cuts of premium meat (and bones), and you’ll consume less expensive splurge meals and unhealthy sweets.

Liberating. You are liberated from constant cravings and the sudden, powerful impulse to eat by switching from predominantly using fast-burning sugar to primarily using slow-burning fat as fuel, which is healthier and less addictive (which come from a dependency on carbs). You’ll develop a new bond with farmers and other providers of nourishing food. Most importantly, you’ll have a clearer, healthier, and more resilient connection with food and eating. It is much wiser and happier to be this way.

The following information may seem sound extreme. Stay with me, and you’ll discover that this strategy for taking care of your health is actually rather logical. The foundation of Primal Fat Burner is a thorough study of our ancestors. It is a fundamental eating style with a solid foundation in evolutionary theory. Its main tenet is that fat is your body’s preferred fuel source if it had the option.

Although we have been conditioned to think that glucose is our main source of fuel, this is not entirely true. The human body’s glucose metabolism developed to provide quick energy. Sugars harm cells when used in a prolonged or excessive manner, as is the case when you consume an excessive amount of protein together with a diet high in carbohydrates. Over the course of a lifetime, too much glucose and other dietary sugars severely harm our health, resulting in obesity, neurodegeneration, and several chronic illnesses. Additionally, it contributes to the development of an unfavorable cellular environment for cancer.

Let’s get right to the point on one crucial issue: you must drastically reduce your daily intake of carbs and sweets if you want to keep your metabolism burning fat. This can seem incredibly demanding in our instant-gratification-obsessed twenty-first-century world. Yes, it calls for a decision and a shift. But when you let go of a reliance that was doing you no favors, you start to feel more energy, clarity, and self-empowerment every day, which reinforces your choice. Additionally, when you decide to do this, your blood test outcomes improve. If the idea of cutting out carbohydrates fills your taste buds and heart with dread, remember that anticipation is often worse than actuality. You’ll find that eating healthy fats at every meal has a remarkable ability to quell your cravings for sweets.

In fact, if you asked your body, it would tell you that it much prefers ketones over glucose since ketones provide consistent, stable energy with no ups and downs as glucose does. Your body would inform you that in order to obtain the essential micronutrients that its cells need in order to operate properly, it requires an excess of high-quality fat. Oh, and it would inform you that consuming fat won’t make you gain weight if you do it carefully and limit your intake of carbohydrates. Two decades of professional practice have showed me that a well fed body can normally and almost simply remove additional weight.

In the chapters to come, you’ll learn that there is a unique feature to the primal fat-burning method that makes it separate from varieties of paleo or primal nutritional advice you may already know. Eating the foods that our ancestors used as the most reliable sources of nutrition was only the beginning. The Primal Fat Burner Plan also evaluates these original meals in light of the science behind human lifespan to determine how well they meet our needs in the very difficult planet we currently inhabit. For instance, we are aware that the high protein intake that our ancestors accepted is inappropriate for modern humans, maybe due to their robust DNA. Contrary to what you may have read in some paleo cookbooks, there is no scientific basis for stuffing your grocery cart full of factory-farmed meat in Styrofoam or for heaping plates full of animal protein at every meal. This behavior is immoral and has questionable health benefits. The Primal Fat Burner Plan is not a high-protein diet, as you’ll learn several times in this book.

These days, in order to combat the barrage of stresses and pollutants coming at us from all sides, our systems also require much more detoxifying support. Fibrous vegetables and greens are therefore considerably more important for us than they were for our ancestors. The harmful new selection pressures that threaten our human DNA in ways that our predecessors were not forced to contend with are the toxic stresses we experience every day. My desire to move beyond paleo is motivated by the frightening and unprecedented pollution that is widespread in our air, water, land, and food, as well as the ongoing presence of electromagnetic frequency pollution and radiation. I’ll assist you in maximizing your nutrition and maintaining your composure while shopping. A gourmet or cook might prefer to overlook the rising pandemic of autoimmune diseases brought on by food allergies and environmental toxins, but a real scientist cannot. We now know more than ever that the environment within our cells, which is shaped by the things we consciously and unconsciously intake and absorb, has a significant impact on whether hereditary propensities for sickness manifest or remain securely latent. The Primal Fat Burner Plan stresses the importance of bringing this mindfulness to our food; in fact, it could be just as significant as the proportion of fat and protein on your plate.

The Primal Fat Burner Plan is founded on a strong dedication to using only the most unprocessed, uncontaminated food sources in order to save and preserve your health. Food that is more than just “natural” or from a health food shop is what we need. We need food that genuinely originates from ideal growing and raising conditions, since this is how food was meant to be in nature. Because of this, the strategy is based on pasture-raised animal products that are produced in a way that is compassionate, healthy, and sustainable. It will assist you in locating the greatest possible local products. You can only give your body the nourishment it requires in this way to fight pollutants and stress. The good news is that there is a cost-effective and sensible method to achieve this. We can do it because our great-grandparents did it.

These two factors—ancestral origins and contemporary science—combine in the pages that follow to provide an optimum dietary approach to your health and wellbeing that will give you back control over your own health. Fair warning: this book may make you doubt everyone who ever urged you to finish your cereal, take two aspirin, and call back in the morning, and avoid that nasty, “artery-clogging” animal fat at all costs and replace it with margarine and canola oil instead. To help you activate your fat-burning metabolism, release yourself from an unhealthy reliance on carbs and sweets, and establish a more healthier alliance with nutrient-dense, unprocessed fats, let this serve as your motivation. As Tiger Woods did not perfect the game of golf by bowling, neither did Serena Williams become good at tennis by practicing golf all day. You cannot get proficient at burning fat by burning sugar all the time. To burn fat at a world-class level, you need to become a Primal Fat Burner and educate your body to pick fat, not sugar, as your major source of everyday fuel.

I’ve seen all kinds of people succeed in using the power of a fat-burning metabolism to transform their lifestyle and reclaim their good health, from the mother motivated to stay healthy for her children and dodge diseases that have taken her own parents to the septuagenarian who is able to put down his blood pressure and prostate medication and walk free of long-standing pain. The basis that fat burning offers for health is shared by all people. Naturally, modifications could be required to address any particularly personal weaknesses. However, burning fat gives you a solid foundation on which to carry out your next level of work.

What you eat—and what you decide not to eat—really is the beginning of it all. It is astonishing how invigorated you feel to make and sustain change—and I mean that at every level—when you restore your primordial inheritance of strong bodily and mental health and a life free of avoidable pain and sickness. You’ll realize at the conclusion of Primal Fat Burner that it’s actually not as difficult as you may have initially believed.

A PRIMAL FAT BURNER EATS WHAT?

With this diet, you will be able to eat roasted meats and poultry, creamy Thai coconut soup, vibrant vegetables and greens that can be raw, steamed, sautéed, broiled, or cultured, seasoned ribs, pan-seared chicken livers with pastured bacon, ground beef salad, coconut-wrapped burritos, and delectable fish tacos. You will also enjoy Thai salad with a hot dressing, lamb chops, steamed
ARE YOU A GOOD FIT FOR PRIMAL FAT BURNING?

Given our shared human design and our bodies’ predilection for running on fat, the short answer is generally yes! Use this questionnaire, though, to see how it could help you, particularly, to feel your best and perform at your best.

What about your weight? Do you encounter:

Fatigue?

mood changes

mental fog

persistent ache

Having frequent food cravings?

Memory problems or forgetfulness?

issues with concentration or thought?

early-morning stiffness?

digestive issues

either bloating or water retention

a lack of muscular tone

bad sleep?

Emotional reactivity or irritability?

drowsiness following a meal?

Do you feel useless and without hope for your health?

a consciousness that things could and ought to be improved?

You may be confident that Primal Fat Burner will provide you with a strong route to better health and well-being if you select “yes” for three or more of the questions. Continue reading even if you choose no to all or to fewer than three questions. Your resistance to illness will rise as a result of the Primal Fat Burner Plan, which will also enhance cognitive function and physical performance. This method does not require you to be ill or unwell, just as exercising does not require you to be out of shape to be beneficial.

QUICK EVALUATION

If you have recent blood test results accessible, have a look at them now. If your results reflect any of the following, you are most likely a perfect candidate for the Primal Fat Burner Plan:

more than 90 mg/dL of fasting blood sugar

Triglycerides exceeding 100 mg/dL when fasting

Hgb A1C > 5.5 %

under 55 mg/dL for HDL

above 1.0 mg/L of CRP

more than 6.0 mol/L of homocysteine

Thrombin above 423 mg/dL

For further details on blood test indicators, see Chapter 10.